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How to determine the boundary vertices of an open mesh 3D model?

There are two types of surface mesh models, a closed mesh such as a sphere or cube, and the second is an open mesh model, which means that the surface of the model is not in a closed loop. It is open from somewhere, like a hollow pipe. Sp, what I want, I want to detect the boundary vertices of an open mesh model. there is no border in a closed-loop grid, but in an open grid we must detect boundary vertices for some smoothing, splitting, etc. Please tell me how can I select / detect boundary vertices? What is the best way to do this? by comparing the edges of the triangles? Give me an idea?

Thank.

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Assuming you have a variety, then the mesh boundary is those edges that belong to only one polygon. Edges that are not on the border will belong to two polygons. Boundary vertices are vertices that belong to the boundary edges.

A naive way to find boundary vertices is to iterate over all of your edges, count how many polygons they belong to, and if they belong to only one polygon, then collect the vertices of the edges as boundary vertices. However, you will have to remove duplicate vertices from your collection.

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