roll_window Pandas. numpy argsort() :
import pandas as pd
import StringIO
testdata = StringIO.StringIO("""
Date,A
01-01-2013,100
02-01-2013,85
03-01-2013,110
04-01-2013,60
05-01-2013,20
06-01-2013,40""")
df = pd.read_csv(testdata, header=True, index_col=['Date'])
rollrank = lambda data: data.size - data.argsort().argsort()[-1]
df['rank'] = pd.rolling_apply(df, 3, rollrank)
print df
:
A rank
Date
01-01-2013 100 NaN
02-01-2013 85 NaN
03-01-2013 110 1
04-01-2013 60 3
05-01-2013 20 3
06-01-2013 40 2