It is documented with each implementation. There is no exhaustive list, because the operator can be overloaded, so any exception can be thrown. An operator is usually documented as a property Item.
Here are some specific usage documents:
Dictionary.Item
Array.Item
, . , , : - (, TryParse, ), , , .
. , NullReferenceException, , , , ( NullReferenceException).
Catching generic Exception , , .