, .
, barplot(). axis() x 1 10.
set.seed(1)
x<-data.frame(v1=rnorm(10),v2=rnorm(10))
barplot(t(as.matrix(x)), col=c("cyan", "black"))
axis(1,at=1:10)

.
, barplot() , at= .
m<-barplot(t(as.matrix(x)), col=c("cyan", "black"))
m
[1] 0.7 1.9 3.1 4.3 5.5 6.7 7.9 9.1 10.3 11.5
axis(1, at=m,labels=1:10)

EDIT -
, m , , , labels=. 1., 5. 10.
m<-barplot(t(as.matrix(x)), col=c("cyan", "black"))
lab<-c("A","B","C")
axis(1, at=m[c(1,5,10)],labels=lab)
