If the indicated object is a calibration pattern similar to a chessboard used by OpenCV, then the camera calibration procedure mentioned by ChrisO will give you both the internal characteristics of the camera (focal length, main point, and lens distortion), as well as the outer shell of the camera (where they are relative in space).
, , cvFindFundamentalMat. , . , x 1 x ' 2, x'Fx = 0. .. 8- , 8 .
, MSER/Affine Harris + SIFT.