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JQuery as custom functions

I was wondering how I can create features like jQuery. For instance:$(ID).function()

If the identifier is the identifier of the HTML element, $this is a function that returns the document.getElementById link of the "ID" element, and the function is a javascript custom function.

I am creating a small library that implements some functions. And I want to use this syntax without using jQuery.

Now my questions are: how can I implement this? What is the name of the flow that allows this?

Edit:

I want to do the following:

HTMLElement.prototype.alertMe = function () {alert (this.value);}

Then, when I call document.getElementById('html_input_id').alertMe(), it should show a warning with an input value. But

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$ = function(id) {
    return document.getElementById(id);
}
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